Partition did not bring immediate peace. At first, the India-Pakistan region was extremely unstable. Northern India divided East and West Pakistan, and as a result, Hindus and Muslims constantly clashed. The geographical divide caused cultural confusion, and crowds of Muslims and Hindus left one country for the other. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the first governor-general of Pakistan and president of the Assembly, advocated a personal rather than political view of religion as Hindus, Sikhs, and Muslims migrated. However, his appeals were unsuccessful, and violence led to countless deaths on both sides of the border. Jinnah died a year after partition, leaving the newly formed Pakistan disorganized. There was no machinery, personnel, or equipment, and among other problems, the first choice for the Pakistani capital was too close to the Pakistan-India border. (A) Early conflicts between Pakistan and India included a trade war involving insufficient supply of goods that ended in complete severance of trade relations between Pakistan and India. (A) Up to 1971, attempts to politically and ethnically unify East and West Pakistan failed due to civil unrest and ineffective leaders. (C) East Pakistan later became Bangladesh, and West Pakistan became modern day Pakistan.
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