Two different British powers controlled India. The British East India Company adopted a loose, decentralized form of government. They employed partial decolonization and allowed a certain amount of self-government in some areas while maintaining a small amount of control. (G) Resistance from the Indian National Congress and tension among Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs forced Britain to allow some self-rule. (G) Additionally, the British East India Company focused on trade power rather than political control. However, the British style of rule changed after power went to the British crown.
The British also culturally affected India, and therefore Pakistan. They improved transportation, communication, mines, and irrigation in India in order to facilitate trade, which advanced India technologically. (A) Just as Urdu came with the Mughals, the British brought English to India, and English was the official language of India from 1962 to 1973. (B) English is still widely spoken in India. Additionally, British policies particularly affected Pakistan. In fact, the spread of Western education led to Muslim desire for separation of religious schools from the Hindus. Though the British attempted to divide the Hindus and Muslims in order to conquer them easily, they only succeeded in creating a stronger bond among Muslims, who stubbornly refused to live in a country where Hinduism was the main religion. Therefore, Pakistan traces its existence from British teachings that caused a demand for a new Muslim state. Additionally, the Victorian style of government became a model for Pakistan’s law. (A) Today, many Pakistani descendants of soldiers from the British Indian Army live in the United Kingdom. (B) The presence of Great Britain in India not only affected India, but also shaped the policies of modern-day Pakistan.
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